Rev. ed. of: Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed. c2006.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

UNIT I. Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology -- Chapter 1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" -- Cells as the Living Units of the Body -- Extracellular Fluid---The "Internal Environment" -- "Homeostatic" Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems -- Control Systems of the Body -- Summary---Automaticity of the Body -- Chapter 2. The Cell and its Functions -- Organization of the Cell -- Physical Structure of the Cell -- Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life -- Functional Systems of the Cell -- Locomotion of Cells -- Chapter 3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction -- Genes in the Cell Nucleus -- The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus is Transferred to an RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm---The Process of Transcription -- Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell -- Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells -- The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction -- Cell Differentiation -- Apoptosis---Programmed Cell Death -- Cancer -- UNIT II. Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle -- Chapter 4. Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes -- The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins -- Diffusion -- "Active Transport" of Substances Through Membranes -- Chapter 5. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials -- Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials -- Measuring the Membrane Potential -- Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves -- Nerve Action Potential -- Roles of Other Ions During the Action Potential -- Propagation of the Action Potential -- Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed---Importance of Energy Metabolism -- Plateau in Some Action Potentials -- Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues---Repetitive Discharge -- Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks -- Excitation---The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential -- Recording Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials -- Chapter 6. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle -- Physiologic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle -- General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction -- Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction -- Energetics of Muscle Contraction -- Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction -- Chapter 7. Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction -- Molecular Biology of Acetylcholine Formation and Release -- Drugs That Enhance or Block Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction -- Myasthenia Gravis Causes Muscle Paralysis -- Muscle Action Potential -- Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- Chapter 8. Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle -- Contraction of Smooth Muscle -- Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction -- UNIT III. The Heart -- Chapter 9. Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves -- Physiology of Cardiac Muscle -- Cardiac Cycle -- Relationship of the Heart Sounds to Heart Pumping -- Work Output of the Heart -- Chemical Energy Required for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization by the Heart -- Regulation of Heart Pumping -- Chapter 10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart -- Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart -- Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart -- Chapter 11. The Normal Electrocardiogram -- Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram -- Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms -- Flow of Current Around the Heart during the Cardiac Cycle -- Electrocardiographic Leads -- Chapter 12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis -- Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms -- Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram -- Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS---and Its Significance -- Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex -- Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex -- Current of Injury -- Abnormalities in the T Wave -- Chapter 13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation -- Abnormal Sinus Rhythms -- Abnormal Rhythms That Result from Block of Heart Signals Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways -- Premature Contractions -- Paroxysmal Tachycardia -- Ventricular Fibrillation -- Atrial Fibrillation -- Atrial Flutter -- Cardiac Arrest -- UNIT IV. The Circulation -- Chapter 14. Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance -- Physical Characteristics of the Circulation -- Basic Principles of Circulatory Function -- Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance -- Chapter 15. Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems -- Vascular Distensibility -- Arterial Pressure Pulsations -- Veins and Their Functions -- Chapter 16. The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow -- Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System -- Flow of Blood in the Capillaries---Vasomotion -- Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid -- Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid -- Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, as Well as Capillary Filtration Coefficient -- Lymphatic System -- Chapter 17. Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow -- Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs -- Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control -- Humoral Control of the Circulation -- Chapter 18. Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure -- Nervous Regulation of the Circulation -- Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure -- Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure -- Chapter 19. Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation -- Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control -- The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control -- Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation -- Chapter 20. Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation -- Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity -- Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return---Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart -- Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs -- Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output -- Chapter 21. Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease -- Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise -- Coronary Circulation -- Chapter 22. Cardiac Failure -- Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure -- Unilateral Left Heart Failure -- Low-Output Cardiac Failure---Cardiogenic Shock -- Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure -- Cardiac Reserve -- Chapter 23. Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects -- Heart Sounds -- Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease -- Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects -- Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery -- Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease -- Chapter 24. Circulatory Shock and its Treatment -- Physiologic Causes of Shock -- Shock Caused by Hypovolemia---Hemorrhagic Shock -- Neurogenic Shock---Increased Vascular Capacity -- Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock -- Septic Shock -- Physiology of Treatment in Shock -- Circulatory Arrest -- UNIT V. The Body Fluids and Kidneys -- Chapter 25. The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema -- Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions --

Body Fluid Compartments -- Extracellular Fluid Compartment -- Blood Volume -- Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids -- Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments---the Indicator-Dilution Principle -- Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments -- Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid -- Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure -- Osmotic Equilibrium Is Maintained Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids -- Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States -- Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes -- Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia -- Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues -- Fluids in the "Potential Spaces" of the Body -- Chapter 26. Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control -- Multiple Functions of the Kidneys -- Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys -- Micturition -- Physiologic Anatomy of the Bladder -- Transport of Urine from the Kidney Through the Ureters and into the Bladder -- Filling of the Bladder and Bladder Wall Tone; the Cystometrogram -- Micturition Reflex -- Abnormalities of Micturition -- Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion -- Glomerular Filtration---The First Step in Urine Formation -- Determinants of the GFR -- Renal Blood Flow -- Physiologic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow -- Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow -- Chapter 27. Urine Formation by the Kidneys: II. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion -- Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion -- Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms -- Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron -- Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption -- Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function -- Chapter 28. Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration -- Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine -- Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine -- Quantifying Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution: "Free Water" and Osmolar Clearances -- Disorders of Urinary Concentrating Ability -- Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration -- Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System -- Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration -- Salt-Appetite Mechanism for Controlling Extracellular Fluid Sodium Concentration and Volume -- Chapter 29. Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume -- Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion -- Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration -- Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration -- Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid -- Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance -- Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System -- Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control -- Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake -- Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume -- Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume -- Chapter 30. Acid-Base Regulation -- H+ Concentration is Precisely Regulated -- Acids and Bases---Their Definitions and Meanings -- Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys -- Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids -- Bicarbonate Buffer System -- Phosphate Buffer System -- Proteins Are Important Intracellular Buffers -- Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance -- Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance -- Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO-3 by the Renal Tubules -- Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule Generates "New" HCO-3 -- Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion -- Renal Correction of Acidosis---Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO-3 to the Extracellular Fluid -- Renal Correction of Alkalosis---Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO-3 -- Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders -- Treatment of Acidosis or Alkalosis -- Clinical Measurements and Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders -- Chapter 31. Diuretics, Kidney Diseases -- Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action -- Kidney Diseases -- Acute Renal Failure -- Chronic Renal Failure: An Irreversible Decrease in the Number of Functional Nephrons -- Specific Tubular Disorders -- Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis with an Artificial Kidney -- UNIT VI. Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation -- Chapter 32. Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia -- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) -- Anemias -- Polycythemia -- Chapter 33. Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation -- Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) -- Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections -- Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) -- Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages -- Eosinophils -- Basophils -- Leukopenia -- Leukemias -- Chapter 34. Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy Innate Immunity -- Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity -- Allergy and Hypersensitivity -- Chapter 35. Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation -- Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood -- O-A-B Blood Types -- Rh Blood Types -- Transplantation of Tissues and Organs -- Chapter 36. Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation -- Events in Hemostasis -- Vascular Constriction -- Mechanism of Blood Coagulation -- Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans -- Thromboembolic Conditions in the Human Being -- Anticoagulants for Clinical Use -- Blood Coagulation Tests -- UNIT VII. Respiration -- Chapter 37. Pulmonary Ventilation -- Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation -- Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities -- Minute Respiratory Volume Equals Respiratory Rate Times Tidal Volume -- Alveolar Ventilation -- Functions of the Respiratory Passageways -- Chapter 38. Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid -- Physiologic Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System -- Pressures in the Pulmonary System -- Blood Volume of the Lungs -- Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution -- Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow -- Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics -- Fluid in the Pleural Cavity -- Chapter 39. Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane -- Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures -- Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air Are Different -- Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane -- Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration -- Chapter 40. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids -- Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues -- Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood -- Respiratory Exchange Ratio -- Chapter 41. Regulation of Respiration -- Respiratory Center -- Chemical Control of Respiration -- Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity---Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control -- Regulation of Respiration During Exercise -- Other Factors That Affect Respiration -- Chapter 42. Respiratory Insufficiency---Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy --

Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities -- Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities -- Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy -- Hypercapnia---Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids -- Artificial Respiration -- UNIT VIII. Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology -- Chapter 43. Aviation, High-Altitude, and Space Physiology -- Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body -- Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology -- "Artificial Climate" in the Sealed Spacecraft -- Weightlessness in Space -- Chapter 44. Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions -- Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body -- Scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Diving -- Special Physiologic Problems in Submarines -- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy -- UNIT IX. The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology -- Chapter 45. Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters -- General Design of the Nervous System -- Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function -- Comparison of the Nervous System with a Computer -- Central Nervous System Synapses -- Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission -- Chapter 46. Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information -- Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect -- Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses -- Nerve Fibers That Transmit Different Types of Signals and Their Physiologic Classification -- Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts---Spatial and Temporal Summation -- Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools -- Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits -- Chapter 47. Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses -- Classification of Somatic Senses -- Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations -- Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals into the Central Nervous System -- Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System -- Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway -- Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function -- Chapter 48. Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations -- Types of Pain and Their Qualities---Fast Pain and Slow Pain -- Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation -- Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central Nervous System -- Pain Suppression ("Analgesia") System in the Brain and Spinal Cord -- Referred Pain -- Visceral Pain -- Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations.